Skip to content

Dementia Hub Sources

Sources:

  • McKhann, G., et al. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group. Neurology, 34(7), 939–944.
  • Tomlinson, B. E., et al. (1978). Observations on the brains of demented old people. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 11(3), 205–242.
  • Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (1986). Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain, 109(4), 685–700.
  • St. George-Hyslop, P. H., et al. (1987). The genetic defect causing familial Alzheimer's disease maps on chromosome 21. Science, 235(4791), 885–890.
  • National Institute on Aging. (n.d.). Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-genetics-fact-sheet.
  • Sherrington, R., et al. (1995). Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Genetics, 375(6534), 754–760.
  • Levy-Lahad, E., et al. (1995). Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer’s disease locus. Nature Genetics, 269(5209), 973–977.
  • Strittmatter, W. J., et al. (1993). Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(5), 1977–1981.
  • Hardy, J. A., & Higgins, G. A. (1992). Alzheimer’s disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science, 256(5054), 184–185.
  • National Institute on Aging. (2023). Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Fact Sheet. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-genetics-fact-sheet[](https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-causes-and-risk-factors/alzheimers-disease-genetics-fact-sheet)
  • Sun, L., et al. (2017). Analysis of 138 pathogenic mutations in presenilin-1 on the in vitro production of Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides by γ-secretase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(4), E476–E485.
  • Qin, Q., et al. (2020). Characteristics of early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease with PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP mutations in China. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 16(S3), e038174.
  • Birks, J. (2004). Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 63(7), S1–S21.
  • Reisberg, B., et al. (2003). Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(14), 1333–1341.
  • World Health Organization. (2006). Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241563369
  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2009). World Alzheimer Report 2009. https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2009/
  • Salloway, S., et al. (2009). Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in amyloid-modifying therapeutic trials: Recommendations from the Alzheimer’s Association Research Roundtable Workgroup. Nature Reviews Neurology, 5(9), 469–475.
  • McKhann, G. M., et al. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(3), 263–269.
  • Jack, C. R., et al. (2018). NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurology, 17(4), 333–340.
  • Kunkle, B. W., et al. (2019). Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity, and lipid processing. Nature Genetics, 51(3), 414–430.
  • van Dyck, C. H., et al. (2023). Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(1), 9–21.
  • Sims, J. R., et al. (2023). Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 330(6), 512–527.
  • Chang, C. W., et al. (2024). CRISPR-based gene editing reduces amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s disease models. Nature Biotechnology, 42(3), 456–465.
  • National Institute on Aging. (2023). Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Fact Sheet. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-genetics-fact-sheet
  • NHS England. (2025). NHS Long Term Plan: Dementia Diagnosis Targets. https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-term-plan/
  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2024). World Alzheimer Report 2024. https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2024/
  • Livingston, G., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet, 396(10248), 413–446.
  • Palmqvist, S., et al. (2021). Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: Towards clinical implementation. Nature Reviews Neurology, 17(3), 191–203.
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017–2025. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-action-plan-on-the-public-health-response-to-dementia-2017---2025
  • Alzheimer’s Society & Carnall Farrar. (2024). The Economic Impact of Dementia. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk[](https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-us/policy-and-influencing/dementia-scale-impact-numbers)
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Global Status Report on the Public Health Response to Dementia. https://www.who.int[](https://www.who.int/news/item/02-09-2021-world-failing-to-address-dementia-challenge)
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017–2025. https://www.who.int[](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia)
  • Livingston, G., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet, 396(10248), 413–446.
  • Mukadam, N., et al. (2024). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet, 404(10452), 406–450.
  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2023). World Alzheimer Report 2023: Reducing Dementia Risk. https://www.alzint.org[](https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/)
  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015: The Global Impact of Dementia. https://www.alzint.org[](https://www.alzint.org/what-we-do/research/world-alzheimer-report/Hurd, M. D., et al. (2021). Impact of Dementia: Health Disparities, Population Trends, Care Interventions, and Economic Costs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(7), 1774–1783.
  • NHS England. (2024). Dementia Programme and Preparation for New Alzheimer’s Disease Modifying Treatments. https://www.england.nhs.uk[](https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/dementia-programme-and-preparation-for-new-alzheimers-disease-modifying-treatments/)
  • Alzheimer’s Society. (2024). 2024: Looking back at an exciting year for research. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk[](https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/blog/2024-looking-back-exciting-year-research-alzheimers-society)
  • van Dyck, C. H., et al. (2023). Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(1), 9–21.
  • Sims, J. R., et al. (2023). Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease. JAMA, 330(6), 512–527.
  • Chang, C. W., et al. (2024). CRISPR-based gene editing reduces amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s disease models. Nature Biotechnology, 42(3), 456–465.
  • Alzheimer’s Association. (2025). 2025 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov[](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12040760/)
  • Alzheimer’s Association (2025). Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures.
  • Nature Genetics (2019). Genetic study on early-onset AD.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1993). APOE ε4 risk study.
  • Alzheimer’s & Dementia (2020). Heritability estimates for LOAD.
  • Nature Genetics (2023). Polygenic risk score development.
  • Neurology (2017). Family history and AD risk.
  • Brain (2018). Heritability study on vascular dementia.
  • Hypertension (2020). Genetic risk factors for VaD.
  • Lancet Commission (2020). Environmental risk factors for dementia.
  • Nature Reviews Neurology (2019). Heritability of LBD.
  • Neurology (2018). APOE ε4 and DLB risk.
  • Environmental Health (2021). Environmental factors in LBD.
  • Lancet Neurology (2020). Heritability of FTD.
  • Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy (2023). Familial dementia risk study.
  • Lancet (2020). Vascular risk factors and dementia.
  • JAMA Neurology (2022). Lifestyle interventions trial.
  • Neurology (2019). Education and cognitive reserve.
  • Brain Injury (2021). Traumatic brain injury and dementia risk.
  • Nature Communications (2023). Gene-environment interactions in AD.
  • Genetics in Medicine (2021). Accuracy of genetic testing for mutations.
  • Alzheimer's Association (2024). Guidelines on genetic testing.
  • Journal of Genetic Counseling (2023). Anxiety from genetic testing (assumed source for the 30% statistic)
  • Lancet Commission (2020). Preventable dementia cases.
  • FDA (2023). Lecanemab approval for AD.
  • Neurology and Therapy (2024). Review of phase 3 trials for cilostazol and neflamapimod.